Environmental and Health Risks Associated with Metallic Trace Elements Pollution from Abandoned Mine Lands in Morrocco: A review

Abstract

The amount of mining waste containing metallic trace elements (MTE) is continuously rising because of the high demand for metals in industries, despite the significant risks that mining industries pose to the environment and public health, especially when the site is neglected without proper restoration measures after it has been closed. In this study, we conducted a review to provide a concise overview of the environmental and Human health issues caused by MTE originating from abandoned mining waste in Morocco. Additionally, we aimed to examine the solutions adopted or suggested in scientific research to solve these issues. To reach this, we utilized Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and regional databases, applying stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify research publications from the past two decades. A detailed analysis of the studies revealed a correlation between the leaching of MTE from abandoned mine wastes and environmental problems such as the contamination of sediments, soils, waters, and crops. The predominant solutions suggested were biological methods, with a particular emphasis on phytoremediation and bioremediation, and physical and chemical treatment that often have limitations in terms of cost, efficiency, and potential negative impacts on the environment. In conclusion, bioremediation is an emerging and sustainable technology that harnesses microorganisms’ abilities to degrade or transform pollutants into less harmful forms. As environmental challenges increase, this approach offers a promising, eco-friendly solution for pollution management. Future efforts should focus on advancing research, optimizing microbial processes, and implementing pilot projects integrating bioremediation into broader environmental strategies to realize its full potential.