Journal of Biology and Biomedical Research (ISSN: 3009-5522)
The Journal of Biology and Biomedical Research (ISSN: 3009-5522) is a leading peer-reviewed publication dedicated to advancing knowledge in biology and biomedical research. Covering a broad spectrum of topics, the journal is a platform for disseminating high-quality, original research articles, reviews, and scientific contributions.
Fez Multidisciplinary Journals Publishing
An Overview of the Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Thymol
Background: Thymol is a naturally occurring monoterpenoid phenol mainly derived from Thymus species and is known for its wide range of biological activities. This study aims to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the biological and pharmacological effects of thymol, with particular emphasis on its mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Methods: Relevant data from in vitro studies, animal models, and recent advances in drug delivery systems were analyzed, focusing on pharmacological activities, molecular mechanisms, and safety profiles. Results: Thymol exhibits antimicrobial activity primarily by disrupting microbial membranes and interfering with intracellular processes. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects involve modulation of key signaling pathways, including NF-κB and PI3K/Akt. It also shows antinociceptive and smooth modulatory properties, suggesting potential applications in pain management and gastrointestinal disorders. Advanced delivery systems, such as nanoemulsions and liposomes, improve its stability and bioavailability. Toxicological studies indicate a generally favorable safety profile, although dose-dependent effects require careful consideration. Conclusion: Thymol is a multifunctional compound with promising pharmacological applications. However, further clinical studies are necessary to confirm its efficacy and safety in humans.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khadija El Ouahdani , Meryem SLIGHOUA, Fatima Zohra El Masoudy, Dalila BOUSTA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Experimental design and methodological approaches used to assess the potential of essential oils in wound healing
Wound healing (WH) remains a complex clinical challenge, driving the search for effective therapeutic alternatives such as essential oils (EOs) derived from medicinal plants. However, the reliability and translational relevance of findings in this field are highly dependent on the methodological approaches used to assess EO efficacy. Diverse in vitro and in vivo models, alongside varying experimental protocols, have been employed, often leading to inconsistent or non-comparable outcomes. In this review, we critically examine these methodologies, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and impact on interpreting WH activity. By emphasizing the need for standardized and robust evaluation strategies, we aim to guide future research toward more reliable and reproducible assessments of EOs in wound healing. Furthermore, some details on the WH process and the chemistry of EOs are provided. To gather relevant data, several databases were utilized, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. The literature revealed that many test are used in vivo and in vivo to assess the WH effect of EOs, including Incision, excision, burns, scratch and microfluidic assay. Other tests such as human model are not usually employed for EOs but there are some on data on plants extracts. Interestingly, this review provides some significant discussing on the approaches used to evaluate the WH activity of EOs and can be taking as a strong scientific basic for the future research in this field.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamza Saghrouchni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cancer epidemiology: incidence, mortality and survival in Morocco and the world; 2005-2025
Cancer is currently one of the major public health problems; any policy of prevention against this scourge and any implementation of international, national, or regional efforts to combat it requires statistical knowledge and increased epidemiological surveillance. This work is an epidemiological study filled with data and statistics. It aims to describe a cancerous pathology that is becoming a major global public health problem and whose incidence and mortality have increased dramatically in recent decades. For that, two main types of sources were used: the first is international and produced by the WHO (World Health Organization), and the other is national and based on data from cancer registries in Morocco. We also conducted exhaustive research on articles published over the last 10 years on cancer in Morocco using bibliographic search engines (PubMed, Google Scholar, etc.). Thus, our epidemiological study shows that cancer is spreading in both developed and developing countries, since already 50% of cancerous diseases occur in developing countries. According to the latest WHO report in 2025, this scourge is responsible for 13% of global mortality, with three-quarters occurring in developing countries, particularly in the poorest regions of Asia, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America. In Morocco, the collected data unequivocally confirm a general increase in cancer incidence across Morocco over the past decade. This trend is marked by a predominance of breast cancer among women and lung and prostate cancers among men. Moreover, significant regional disparities persist, reflecting both environmental variations and unequal access to healthcare services. A progressive decrease in the average age of patients affected by certain cancer types, such as colorectal and gastric cancers, has also been observed. Finally, enduring challenges remain regarding early screening, the comprehensiveness of cancer registries, and public awareness efforts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Khadija, Omayma, Dalila BOUSTA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
From tradition to biomedical innovation : A bibliometric review of Nigella sativa research
Nigella sativa, also referred to as "black cumin" or "black seed," is a medicinal plant that has been used therapeutically by humans for generations in many different cultures. In contemporary scientific research, experimental and clinical analyses reveal new and promising methods of assessing its use, and increasing attention has been given to the use of compounds from Nigella sativa. In this paper, we conduct an extensive bibliometric analysis of literature on Nigella sativa. An analysis of research trends, identification of primary contributors, and mapping of global partnerships can be done using bibliometric analysis, a quantitative survey of the scientific literature. The Scopus database returned 2472 papers published from 2000 to 2025 for this research. Data was processed using the R program Bibliometrix, and results were illustrated using Biblioshiny and VOSviewer. The number of publications on Nigella sativa has increased substantially over time, with a notable intensification within the past 10 years. These research topics, together with the prevailing and emerging related issues in the discipline, are presented, as well as the most active countries, organizations, writers, and journals. This study provides an improved mapping of the scientific field in Nigella sativa that will serve as an important tool for both researchers and policymakers to guide future work, promote partnerships, and bridge the scientific knowledge gap of this plant with multiple medicinal uses.
Copyright (c) 2026 otmane zouirech, Assia Houiat , Abderrahim El Yahyaoui, Khalid Chebbac, Soufyane Lafraxo, Elhoussine Derwich (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
In vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hepatoprotective potencies and acute toxicity of chrysanthenone and thymol
Thymol and chrysanthenone are two bioactive compounds primarily found in the essential oils of Thymus algeriensis and Artemisia herba-alba, respectively. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hepatoprotective potential of thymol and chrysanthenone, individually and in combination, and assess their acute toxicity. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring the severity of hind paw edema in rats following carrageenan injection, a standard inflammation model. Analgesic activity was assessed using the writhing test, which measures the number of abdominal constrictions. In silico evaluations of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were performed using the Maestro 12.5 software from the Schrödinger suite. Hepatoprotective effects were tested against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Additionally, serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) were measured, and liver tissue from treated animals was histologically examined. The results demonstrated that the oral administration of the thymol/chrysanthenone combination at a dose of 150 mg/kg significantly reduced inflammation, outperforming 1% Diclofenac with maximum edema reductions of 97 ± 3.7% and 88.6 ± 0.81%, respectively. In the writhing test, rats treated with the combination exhibited significantly fewer abdominal contractions (40 ± 0.40) compared to those treated with the serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor Tramadol (42.00 ± 2.70), a drug commonly used to manage moderate to severe pain. Molecular docking studies revealed that thymol exhibited strong binding affinities in the active sites of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, with docking scores of –4.805 kcal/mol and –7.821 kcal/mol, respectively. Chrysanthenone also demonstrated favorable binding, with scores of –4.082 kcal/mol and –6.938 kcal/mol at the same targets. The thymol/chrysanthenone combination showed marked hepatoprotective effects, evidenced by the normalization of ASAT and ALAT levels and the prevention of histological liver damage following CCl₄ intoxication. Acute toxicity testing revealed no signs of toxicity, with an LD₅₀ greater than 150 mg/kg.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Khadija, Meryem Sligoua , Mohamed Chebaibi , Dalila Bousta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Aspergillomarasmine, a promising adjuvant to overcome antibiotic resistance
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses a significant public health challenge. One mechanism by which bacteria acquire resistance is the synthesis of beta-lactamases that inhibit the activity of beta-lactam antibiotics. Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL) are a class of these enzymes for which there are currently no clinically available inhibitors to restore the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics. Aspergillomarasmine A (AMA), a fungal metabolite, has emerged as a compelling candidate, selectively chelating Zn²⁺ to inactivate MBLs and restore β-lactam activity. This review integrates current knowledge gathered from electronic databases, including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, on the mechanism of action and potential role of AMA in antibiotic/adjuvant co-therapy. Evidence to date suggests that AMA’s unique mode of action may limit the development of rapid resistance, although its clinical efficacy remains unproven. Accelerating AMA’s preclinical and clinical evaluation is imperative to translate its promise role into a novel strategy against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ilham Zahir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comprehensive in vitro and in silico study of the antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes of chemically characterized essential oil derived from Moroccan Thymus vulgaris
Recent studies have highlighted the bioactive and protective properties of phytochemicals found in essential oils (EOs), particularly in those derived from medicinal herbs. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical composition of Thymus vulgaris EO from Morocco and to evaluate its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities through both in vitro and in silico approaches. The EO composition was analyzed using GC-MS, revealing estragole (59.76%) as the primary component, followed by borneol (10.08%) and α-terpineol (6.81%). Antioxidant activity was assessed using FRAP and DPPH assays, resulting EC50 and IC50 values of 6.780 mg/mL and 0.058 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the EO demonstrated a substantial total antioxidant capacity of 240.30 mg AAE/g EO. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against various bacterial and fungal strains using standard procedures. A considerable efficacy of T. vulgaris EO against all tested fungi was noted by inhibiting totally the growth of A. flavus, A. niger and F. proliferatum at 0.886 g/mL. Also, the tested EO inhibited the growth of C. albicans as well as Gram positive and negative bacteria with inhibition zones diameters ranging from 7.33 ± 0.58 to 56 ± 1.73 mm. The in silico antibacterial analysis revealed terpinen-4-ol as the most active molecule in the EO against E. coli Gyrase B (PDB ID: 3G7E), achieving a glide score of -5.987 kcal/mol. Regarding the antifungal activity, Δ-cadinene and thymol were identified as active phytocompounds targeting the sterol 14-α demethylase (CYP51) from C. albicans (PDB ID: 5FSA) and the β-1,4-endoglucanase from A. niger (PDB ID: 5I77), respectively, with glide scores of -7.376 and -5.551 kcal/mol. These findings highlight the promising potential of T. vulgaris EO for medical and industrial applications as a remedy against free radicals and resistant pathogenic microbes.
Copyright (c) 2025 El abdali Youness, Jalte Meryem, Nissmouya Amal, Zahir Ilham, Bouia Abdelhak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study of the extraction and encapsulation of Withania frutescens (L.) mucilage: towards an innovative formulation
Withania frutescens (L.) is a medicinal plant widely used in phytotherapy. The aim of this study is to extract mucilage from this plant and utilize it for nanoparticle encapsulation. The study begins with the determination of mineral composition using ICP-AES, followed by the analysis of amino acids and vitamins using HPLC-MS. Additionally, mucilage extraction was optimized by defining stabilization parameters. This mucilage was then used as a matrix for the encapsulation of nanoparticles, particularly oils and antibiotics. ICP-AES analyses revealed high levels of iron (58,469 mg/kg), calcium (17,767 mg/kg), and magnesium (43,238 mg/kg). The assessment of nutritional value identified 17 amino acids and 11 vitamins, with maximum concentrations of 14.90 mg/g and 23.69 mg/g, respectively. Mucilage extraction achieved an optimal yield of 65.21% at a liquid-solid ratio of 100 g/L and a shear rate of 3,000 rpm. Encapsulation demonstrated a mucilage efficiency and stability of up to 86.35%. The evaluation of the antibacterial activity of encapsulated antibiotics revealed more pronounced inhibition zones with purified mucilage and encapsulated antibiotics. The observed diameters were 12.3 mm for mucilage alone (Muc), 13.8 mm for encapsulated ampicillin (Muc-Amp), 15.6 mm for encapsulated streptomycin (Muc-Str), and 14 mm for encapsulated kanamycin (Muc-Kan). The mucilage extracted from W. frutescens exhibits significant potential as an encapsulation material for therapeutic applications and the protection of bioactive compounds
Copyright (c) 2025 El Moussaoui Abdelfattah, Chebbac Khalid, Ben Ali Naouar, Kaabi Soundouss, El Mihyaoui Amina, Jawhari Fatima Zahra, Bari Amina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
HPLC analysis, hemolytic activity, and acute toxicity of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) aqueous extract and in silico study
Plant-derived compounds are increasingly explored as alternatives to synthetic drugs, which, despite their efficacy, may induce adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. This study aims to characterize the phytochemical profile of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) aqueous extract (HTAE) using HPLC-DAD and colorimetric assays, assess its acute toxicity, evaluate its hemolytic activity on rat red blood cells (RBCs), and perform molecular docking to predict interactions with hemoglobin. HTAE, obtained by infusing the powdered aerial parts in boiling water, yielded 15.08%. Colorimetric assays indicated a high total polyphenol content (41.18±1.99 mg GAE/g extract), a notable concentration of condensed tannins (7.09 ± 0.27 mg TAE/g extract), and a lower flavonoid content (4.33±0.45 mg QE/g extract). HPLC-DAD analysis identified gallic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid as principal phenolic constituents. Acute toxicity was assessed in rats at doses of 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg over 14 days, with no significant changes in body weight, relative organ weights, or biochemical markers (ALAT, ASAT, urea, and creatinine), suggesting an LD50 > 2000 mg/kg. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that rosmarinic and gallic acids exhibited notable binding affinities to human hemoglobin (-5.503 and -5.154 kcal/mol, respectively). HTAE induced only a weak hemolytic effect on RBCs. These findings highlight the potential safety of HTAE at tested doses and suggest its possible use in pharmacological applications while minimizing synthetic drug-associated toxicity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdelkrim Agour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Antimicrobial and insecticidal activity of Myrtus communis essential oils: Biological potential and ecological applications
This study aims to investigate the bioactive molecules in Myrtus communis essential oil (MCEO) using the GC-MS method, and to assess their antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal activities. The insecticidal evaluation focuses on toxicity via inhalation and contact, examining adulticidal (adult mortality), ovicidal (impact on egg laying), and larvicidal (reduction in offspring emergence) effects. Biochemical analysis identified 24 compounds, accounting for 99.3% of the total oil content, with major components being 1,8-cineole (32.5%), α-pinene (18.6%), myrtenyl acetate (18%), limonene (10.9%), and α-terpenyl acetate (7.3%). Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated against pathogenic strains using MIC and MBC assays. Results indicate significant inhibition of fungal growth, with a notably low MIC of 1.03% recorded against the Aspergillus niger HO32. Conversely, MIC values for bacterial strains remained relatively high, suggesting some resistance to MCEO. Regarding insecticidal activity, the inhalation test showed higher efficacy (LC50 = 1.38 ± 0.15 μL/L air) compared to the contact test (LC50 = 2.48 ± 0.39 μL/100 g) after 24 hours of exposure. Furthermore, the contact test showed a significant reduction in fertility and insect emergence at a dose of 20 μL/mL.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mounir HADDOU, Mohamed TAIBI, Amine Elbouzidi, El Hanafi Laila, Abdellah Baraich, Ennouamane Saalaoui, Reda Bellaouchi, Abdeslam Asehraou, Mohamed ADDI, Bouchra El Guerrouj, Khalid Chaabane (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of surface waters of the FeZ city - Morocco
This retrospective study aimed to examine the physicochemical and microbiological properties of several surface waters in Fez, Morocco. Samples were collected from 33 distinct sites between June 2017 and August 2017 by Environmental Health Technicians using appropriate vials, which were stored and transported in a cooler at the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory Epidemiological and Environmental Hygiene Fez (RDLEEHF) and analyzed in accordance with prevailing standards. The pH ranges from 6.93-8.33, the temperature ranges from 8-10°C, the electrical conductivity was between 578 and 1765 µS/cm, and the turbidity ranges from 0.25-5.15 NTU. All these values are consistent with the Moroccan standard, with the exception of turbidity. Sulfate concentrations were between 7.28-55.39 mg/L, nitrite 0.01-0.13 mg/L, and nitrate 0.02-5.72 mg/L. These values comply with the Moroccan standard and the international of WHO. Orthophosphate was absent in all samples analyzed, and chloride levels were between 50-400 mgl/L. Most of the samples complied with the Moroccan standard for this type of water, with the exception of Oued Jawhara and Oued Sebou Boulaguone. For the microbiology analysis, our research showed that seven out of the thirty-three samples recorded more than >5000 CFU which is above the Moroccan standard total coliform colonies. Ten samples recorded more fecal coliform than the Moroccan standard (< 20000), which shows that the samples were contaminated by fecal origin. The intestinal enterococci found in the samples showed that seven out of the thirty-three samples did not comply with the Moroccan standard.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ansong Odei Dhaud, Berrada Sanae, Hichame EL-HASSANI, Mouacha Youssef, Allali Naoual, Cherigui Mohammed, Mustapha Allali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Antidiabetic Efficacy and Hemolytic Activity of the Polyphenolic Extract Derived from Allium sativum L.: An In vitro and In silico Evaluation
This study aimed to identify the main polyphenolic compounds of Allium sativum L. (A. sativum) extract and evaluate its antidiabetic and antihemolytic properties. A. sativum polyphenolic extract (ASPE) was subjected to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis to determine its polyphenolic composition. The antidiabetic activity was assessed through enzyme inhibition assays targeting α-amylase and α-glucosidase, comparing the extract’s efficacy to the standard drug acarbose. Hemolytic activity was evaluated using rat erythrocytes exposed to varying concentrations of the extract (5–100 mg/mL) to determine its cytotoxicity on blood cells. Statistical analyses were carried out to assess the significance of the observed effects. An in silico study was conducted using Mastro 11.5 from the Schrödinger suite to evaluate antidiabetic activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed mongophenoside B as the most abundant compound, alongside catechin and cyanidin 3-O-beta-D sambubioside. The extract demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on α-amylase (82.31% inhibition at 1 mg/mL; IC50 = 0.047 ± 0.002 mg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.055 ± 0.004 mg/mL), surpassing acarbose in potency. Hemolytic assays indicated a dose-dependent increase in hemolysis, with significant cytotoxicity observed at higher concentrations (up to 21.24 ± 1.54% at 100 mg/mL), suggesting safe application only at lower doses. The ASPE exhibits potent antidiabetic properties, attributable to the identified compounds catechin, cyanidin 3-O-beta-D sambubioside, and mongophenoside B, the latter reported here for the first time in garlic. These findings suggest that the synergistic action of these compounds contributes to effective enzyme inhibition. However, the extract’s hemolytic activity at higher doses indicates a need for caution in therapeutic applications. The in silico study showed strong inhibitory activity of mongophenoside B, catechin, and cyanidin 3-O-beta-D sambubioside against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, confirming the in vitro results. Further studies are warranted to explore the antidiabetic potential of mongophenoside B and to assess the extract’s safety profile for clinical use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mourad A. M. Aboul-Soud, Amira Metouekel, Amal Elrherabi, Adamou Boubacar, El Hassania Loukili, Mohamed Bnouham, Laila Benbacer (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Satureja calamintha essential oil: Chemical composition and assessing insecticidal efficacy through activity against acetylcholinesterase, chitin, juvenile hormone, and molting hormone.
Plant-derived insecticides based on essential oils (EOs) are currently considered as an excellent option to reduce the adverse effects associated with synthetic pesticides. In this study, we attempted to analyze the chemical composition, insecticidal properties, and inhibition of biological parameters, as well as to evaluate the mode of action of the bioactive components of Satureja calamintha EO about molecular targets in three life stages of the insect Callosobruchus maculatus. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to investigate the phytochemical profile of the EO. Inhalation and contact tests with the insect Callosobruchus maculatus (C. maculatus) were carried out to evaluate the insecticidal activity, and in silico molecular docking techniques were used to assess the mode of action. The extraction of the EO yielded 1.72%, and chromatographic analysis identified 19 potentially active compounds, with pulegone (52.4%) and neo-dihydrocarveol (16.1%) as the predominant constituents. Toxicity tests conducted via contact and inhalation demonstrated significant insecticidal activity against C. maculatus after 24 hours of exposure, achieving 87% and 100% mortality, respectively. The LC50 values were determined to be 9.34 µL/L for contact toxicity and 4.43 µL/L for inhalation toxicity, while the LC95 values were 22.26 µL/L and 12.92 µL/L, respectively. Additionally, exposure to EO inhibited oviposition and emergence across all insect life stages tested. This dose-dependent inhibition reached complete suppression at a 20 µL/L concentration. In addition, exposure to EO showed inhibition of oviposition and emergence at all insect life stages tested. This inhibition increased with increasing dose, reaching complete inhibition at 20 μL/L.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Taibi, Sanae Rezouki, Tarik Moubchir, Youness El Abdali , Ibrahim Mssillou, Azeddin El Barnossi, Amine Elbouzidi, Mounir Haddou, Abdellah Baraich, Doha Berraaouan, Farah Mellouk, Meryem IDRISSI YAHYAOUI, Reda Bellaouchi, Ennouaamane Saalaoui, Amine khoulati, Abdeslam Asehraou, Mohamed Addi, Bouchra El Guerrouj, Khalid Chaabane (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Environmental and Health Risks Associated with Metallic Trace Elements Pollution from Abandoned Mine Lands in Morrocco: A review
The amount of mining waste containing metallic trace elements (MTE) is continuously rising because of the high demand for metals in industries, despite the significant risks that mining industries pose to the environment and public health, especially when the site is neglected without proper restoration measures after it has been closed. In this study, we conducted a review to provide a concise overview of the environmental and Human health issues caused by MTE originating from abandoned mining waste in Morocco. Additionally, we aimed to examine the solutions adopted or suggested in scientific research to solve these issues. To reach this, we utilized Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and regional databases, applying stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify research publications from the past two decades. A detailed analysis of the studies revealed a correlation between the leaching of MTE from abandoned mine wastes and environmental problems such as the contamination of sediments, soils, waters, and crops. The predominant solutions suggested were biological methods, with a particular emphasis on phytoremediation and bioremediation, and physical and chemical treatment that often have limitations in terms of cost, efficiency, and potential negative impacts on the environment. In conclusion, bioremediation is an emerging and sustainable technology that harnesses microorganisms’ abilities to degrade or transform pollutants into less harmful forms. As environmental challenges increase, this approach offers a promising, eco-friendly solution for pollution management. Future efforts should focus on advancing research, optimizing microbial processes, and implementing pilot projects integrating bioremediation into broader environmental strategies to realize its full potential.
Environmental law; Environmental pollution; Heavy Metals; Land Restoration; Bioremediation
Copyright (c) 2025 Tarik Moubchir, Sanae Rezouki, Allali Aimad , Ihsane Ougrad, Noureddine Eloutassi, Ilham Zahir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Phytochemical characterization, acute toxicity, and hemolytic activity of Cotula cinerea (Del.) aqueous and ethanolic extracts
The toxicity of a plant extract is important in the design of medicinal plant-based drugs. A test of the hemolytic effect of a substance on red blood cells (RBC) is an essential starting point. The objective of this study is the phytochemical characterization of the aqueous extract (CCA) and the ethanolic extract (CCE) from the aerial parts of Cotula cinerea (C. cinerea), by LC-TOF-MS, to evaluate their acute toxicity at two different doses (1000 and 2000 mg/kg), and to assess their hemolytic activity against RBC of rat. For the acute toxicity assessment, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in body weight between treated and control groups over a 14-day period. Liver and kidney weights also showed no significant variation between treated and control groups. Biochemical parameters such as ASAT, ALAT, urea, and creatinine showed similar levels in all groups, with slight variations observed for some parameters. In the hemolytic test, CCE concentrations showed a significantly higher percentage of hemolysis, whereas CCA had no hemolytic effect on RBC of rat. These data suggest the non-toxic effect of CCA, making it suitable for the preparation of medications involved in the treatment of various diseases. However, the CCE exhibits a concentration-dependent hemolytic effect. This underscores the dual nature of plant secondary metabolites. Further research is needed to understand the complex mechanisms behind these effects and to harness the therapeutic potential of plant extracts while mitigating undesirable hemolytic reactions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdelkrim Agour, ibrahim Mssillou, Youness El Abdali, amina Bari, Badiaa Lyoussi, Ehoussine Derwich (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
LC-TOFMS analysis, in vitro and in silico antioxidant activity on NADPH oxidase, and toxicity assessment of an extract mixture based on Marrubium vulgare L. and Dittrichia viscosa L.
Plants and their derived compounds constitute a strong basis as potential drug and as novel therapeutic approach for the management of many diseases and illnesses. In this study we explored the chemical composition of the hydro-ethanolic extracts of M. vulgare and D. viscosa and their mixture. The antioxidant activity of these extracts was evaluated using the ABTS assay. Next, we examined the acute toxicity and sub-acute toxicity of the mixture. The molecular docking was conducted to discover the potential of compounds detected on NADPH oxidase. In the extract of D. viscosa the results revealed the presence of 4 compounds P-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid. In M. vulgare, only 3 compounds were identified: caffeic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid which give the lowest ppm error (-5.67). The mixture of the two plants showed the presence of 2 fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid), caffeic acid and daidzein. Concerning the antioxidant activity, the mixture (IC50=0.13±0.04 mg/mL) has the highest effect in the inhibition of ABTS followed by M. vulgare (IC50=0.143±0.03 mg/mL) and D. viscosa (IC50=0.162±0.05 mg/mL). The results of the acute toxicity showed that for 14 days and even a few hours after the administration of the mixture to the rats did not show any sign of toxicity, for the 2 doses administered (1000 and 2000 mg/kg). During 28 days of the test, no sign of toxicity was observed in the rats treated with the two doses (500 and 800 mg/kg). No significant difference was observed between the control group and the groups treated with the two doses in ALP, UREA, and CREA and a slight elevation of AST was observed in the group treated with the 500 mg/kg dose. Daidzein, myricetin, and vanillic acid were the molecules most active against NADPH oxidase with a glide gscore of -7.13, -6.597, and -6.12 kcal/mol,a glide emodel of -60.845, -67.752, and -45.821 kcal/mol, and a glide energy -40.807, -47.249, and -27.679 kcal/mol. In conclusion, both plants are effective as antioxidant agents and their mixture showed no sign of toxicity as herbal preparation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ibrahim Mssillou, Abdelkrim Agour, Youssra Lefrioui , Mohamed Chebaibi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Isolation, conventional and molecular identification of Fusarium proliferatum responsible to bulb rot of garlic and potential biological control by new bacterial strains
The purpose of the present study was to isolate and identify Fusarium proliferatum from infected garlic bulbs, using conventional and molecular identification techniques, as well as to evaluate the in vitro effect of new bacterial strains on the mycelial growth of F. proliferatum. Infected garlic bulb samples were collected and the phytopathogenic fungi isolated and identified using standardised conventional and molecular methods. The effect of the bacterial strains isolated from the different substrates and the filtrates of their liquid culture on the mycelial growth of F. proliferatum was studied using the direct confrontation method between F. proliferatum and the microorganism or the filtrate that may be antagonistic. The results obtained showed a precise identification of F. proliferatum responsible for garlic bulb rot and the deposit of the nucleotide sequence in the NCBI database under accession number OP820542. Three bacterial isolates with a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of F. proliferatum were isolated and selected. These isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis (Isolat A4), Bacillus tequilensis (Isolat A11) and Pseudomonas sp. (Isolat A12) which exhibited inhibition percentages of 54.00 ± 1.00 %, 59.00 ± 1.00 %, 67.33 ± 1.70 % respectively in comparison with fluconazole 59.17 ± 0.76 %. The current study will contribute to the understanding of garlic bulb rot and to the exploration of new methods of biological control of this disease, as part of a strategy of sustainability and pesticide reduction.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biology and Biomedical Research (ISSN: 3009-5522) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Chemical composition, free radicals, pathogenic microbes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase suppressant proprieties of essential oil derived from Moroccan Mentha pulegium: in silico and in vitro approaches
Several bioactive phytochemicals found in herbal products, particularly in essential oils (EOs), are proved to be vital in the prevention of chronic illnesses including infectious and metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was, firstly to identify the phyto-chemical composition and assess, in vitro, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Mentha pulegium EO, and secondly, to evaluate its potential antidiabetic effects, in silico. GC-MS analysis was employed for the examination of EO phytochemical composition. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, the scavenging of free (DPPH) radicals, and the examination of total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The antimicrobial efficacy against pathogenic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as Candida albicans was evaluated through the determination of minimal inhibitory (MIC), bactericidal (MBC), and fungicidal (MFC) concentrations, alongside the utilization of disc diffusion techniques. By use of molecular docking antidiabetic potential of pennyroyal EO was also tested. The analysis revealed a total of thirteen components in M. pulegium EO, with pulegone (72.05%) being the major component, followed by 8-hydroxy-p-menthan-3-one (5.97%) and imidazolidine (3.23%). Pennyroyal EO displayed a notable antioxidant potential, as assessed by FRAP and DPPH assays, marking an EC50 and IC50 values of 26.500 ± 0.200 mg/mL and 054.630 ± 1.350 mg/mL, correspondently. The examined EO also possessed a total antioxidant capacity of 52.610 ± 4.734 mg AAE/g EO. The findings of antimicrobial test showed a notable efficacity of M. pulegium EO against S. aureus (MIC = MBC = 3.058 mg/mL), E. coli (MIC = 6.076 mg/mL / MBC = 6.125 mg/mL) and C. albicans (MIC = MBC = 3.063 mg/mL). Regarding the antidiabetic potential, in silico analysis identified imidazolidine as the most active molecule against the α-glucosidase (PDB: 5NN8) and the α-amylase (PDB: 1B2Y) enzymes marking glide scores of -8.393 and -7.172 kcal/mol, correspondently. These findings suggest that the EO derived from Moroccan M. pulegium holds promise as a potent natural remedy against free radicals and resistant pathogenic microbes. Moreover, it shows potential as a promising solution for managing diabetes disorders.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. EL ABDALI Youness, Dr. JALTE Meryem, Dr. Abdelkrim Agour, Dr. Allali Aimad, Dr. Chebaibi Mohamed, P. BOUIA Abdelhak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Propagation method and germination condition of an arid and semi-arid species: Withania frutescens (L.)
Withania frutescens (L.) is a species of the solanaceae family found in arid and semi-arid zones, and has a place in traditional phytotherapy. This plant is subject to over-exploitation by the indigenous population, which is reducing its distribution in their natural environment. Our aim is to find a method for in-situ and ex-situ conservation of this species. Seeds and cuttings were selected from different individuals of the same species. Viability tests were carried out (buoyancy test, tetrazolium test) to determine the seeds with the best germination rate. The selected seeds were subjected to chemical and mechanical tests (chemical scarification with sulphuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, potassium nitrate (KNO3) and hot water). The second method of propagation is by cuttings with hormonal intervention to solve the problem of rooting the cuttings. The fruits of W. frutescens are berries 7 to 10 mm in diameter with a water content of around 12.48%. The length, width and average thickness of the seeds are 3 to 5 mm, 2 to 3 mm and 1 to 1.5 mm respectively. The control (water) showed no germination, compared to the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hot water treatments with 16.34% and 12.69%, respectively. W. frutescens seeds show a common triphasic pattern of water uptake over the 72 hours of evaluation. Phase I is characterised by relatively rapid water uptake. During phase II, the seeds remain on average without any significant increase in weight. Phase III for the average population is around 50 hours. Monitoring of the growth parameters for 12 weeks shows that the W. frutescens cuttings showed growth from the second week and the parameters changed until the last week. The number of leaves (Nfe) was about 4.89±2.53 in the third week and about 22.88±8.71 in the last week (12 weeks). The number of flowers (NFL) was about 4.64±1.68 during the last week and the number of nodes (ND) about 5.60±1.78. However, when the growth of the cuttings was monitored, the rate of appearance of root callus in the cuttings was around 2.51±0.74% for cuttings not treated with AIB. However, treatment of the cuttings with AIB showed a root callus rate of 23.45±5.09% as a peak at a concentration of 312.50 µg/mL AIB. On the other hand, the high concentration (5 mg/mL) and the low concentration (78.10 µg/mL) showed a rate of about 0.0±0 and 8.91±1.42%, respectively. W. frutescens is an endangered species and requires in-situ and ex-situ conservation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdelfattah EL Moussaoui, Otmane Zouirech, Fatima Zahra Jawhari, Amina Bari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Antiviral Activities of Compounds Derived from Medicinal Plants against SARS-CoV-2 Based on Molecular Docking of Proteases
This work aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the main polyphenols and flavonoids of Syzygium aromaticum and Citrus limon as well as the main organosulfur compounds of Allium sativum against SARS-CoV-2 6LU7 and 6Y2E proteases using in silico molecular docking analysis. Structures of 34 natural products found in three medicinal plants were docked to these two critical proteins. For 6LU7 protease, 24 compounds exhibited binding affinities greater than or equal to -6 Kcal/mol. While, for 6Y2E protease, 6 compounds exhibited binding affinities greater than or equal to -6 Kcal/mol. Molecules with a maximum binding affinity equal to -8.4 kcal/mol show good hydrogen bonds with the two proteases under investigation, 6LU7 and 6Y2E. Diosmin, ellagic acid, narirutin, neoeriocitrin, and neohesperidin were suggested as inhibitors of SARS-COV-2. These compounds might be used therapeutically as complementary medicines and/or to conceptualize new drugs against COVID-19.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohamed Chebaibi, Ibrahim Mssillou, Aimad Allali, Mohammed Bourhia, Dalila Bousta, Rene Francisco Boschi Gonçalves, Hasnae Hoummani, Mourad A. M. Aboul-Soud, Maria Augustyniak, Sanae Achour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0