An Overview of the Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Thymol
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69998/w25btc66Keywords:
Thymol, Pharmacological effects , Toxicity , Monoterpene phenol, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, GastroprotectiveAbstract
Background: Thymol is a naturally occurring monoterpenoid phenol mainly derived from Thymus species and is known for its wide range of biological activities. This study aims to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the biological and pharmacological effects of thymol, with particular emphasis on its mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Methods: Relevant data from in vitro studies, animal models, and recent advances in drug delivery systems were analyzed, focusing on pharmacological activities, molecular mechanisms, and safety profiles. Results: Thymol exhibits antimicrobial activity primarily by disrupting microbial membranes and interfering with intracellular processes. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects involve modulation of key signaling pathways, including NF-κB and PI3K/Akt. It also shows antinociceptive and smooth modulatory properties, suggesting potential applications in pain management and gastrointestinal disorders. Advanced delivery systems, such as nanoemulsions and liposomes, improve its stability and bioavailability. Toxicological studies indicate a generally favorable safety profile, although dose-dependent effects require careful consideration. Conclusion: Thymol is a multifunctional compound with promising pharmacological applications. However, further clinical studies are necessary to confirm its efficacy and safety in humans.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Khadija El Ouahdani , Meryem SLIGHOUA, Fatima Zohra El Masoudy, Dalila BOUSTA (Author)
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